Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences
ISSN: 1858-5051
High-impact research on the latest developments in medicine and healthcare across MENA and Africa
Calculating the Notional Learning Hours (NLH) for Final-year Medical Students in a Clinical Surgery Clerkship Course
Published date: Sep 30 2024
Journal Title: Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences
Issue title: Sudan JMS: Volume 19 (2024), Issue No. 3
Pages: 367–377
Authors:
Abstract:
Background: The main objective of this study is to design a method to calculate the notional learning hours (NLH) of final year medical students doing a surgical clerkship course. Secondary objectives include derivation of the Oman Qualification Framework (OQF) credits and setting a benchmark of NLH in clinical courses.
Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study which uses a quantitative way to estimate students’ NLH. A questionnaire was designed and filled by final year medical students at the end of their surgical rotation. Ethical clearance was obtained. The data were uploaded and analyzed using SPSS 25. The NLH was then calculated and mapped on the OQF template.
Results:Ninety-seven students participated in the study. Students spent an average of 1.20 (0.99) hours/day to study their clinical sessions and 2.86 (1.4)/day to study for their theory sessions. The mean weekend hours of study on Friday and Saturday were 3.1 hours (2.6), and 3.2 hours (2.5), respectively. The average preparation for the end rotation and the final MD exams were 9.7 (3.3) and 10.4 (3.6) hours, respectively. We calculated the NLH of our students by adding the above data to the contact teaching hours from our course timetable. We compared our results with worldwide medical schools.
Conclusion: The NLH of our surgical clerkship students was calculated and subsequently the OQF credits were derived. This suggested method is evidence-based and could be used as a guide by other clinical clerkship courses.
Keywords: notional learning hours, credit hours, Oman Authority for Academic Accreditation and Quality Assurance of Education (OAAAQA), Oman Qualification Framework (OQF), students’ workload, self-study, medical students, surgical clerkship
References:
[1] Tsigelny, I. F. (2011). Educational credits in the USA and credit transfer from the UK and European Union. Analytical Reports in International Education, 4(1), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.3890/1542-3882-4-5
[2] Silva, E., & White, T. (2015). The Carnegie unit: Past, present, and future, change. Change, 47(2), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091383.2015.1019321
[3] Silva, E., White, T., & Toch, T. The Carnegie unit: A century old standard in changing education landscape. Stanford: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/resources/ publications/carnegie-unit
[4] Van Der Horst, H. V., & McDonald, M. E. (2000). The problem of specifying fixed notional hours per type of delivery in a distance teacher education module. South African Journal of Higher Education, 14(1), 185–195.
[5] Mc Millan, A., & Barber, D. (2020). Credit hour to contact hour using the Carnegie unit to measure student learning in the USA. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 20(2), 88–99.
[6] The Oman Qualification Framework Manual. (2022). Oman Authority for Academic Accreditation and Quality Assurance of Education. https://oaaaqa. gov.om/getattachment/cc088f88-7f9e-437c-8b7e- 2ff5f2e05abb/%20OQF%20Manual.aspx?b=0
[7] Kintu, M. J., Zhu, C., & Kagambe, E. (2017). Blended learning effectiveness: The relationship between student characteristics design features, and outcomes. International Journal of Educa- tional Technology in Higher Education, 14(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0043-4
[8] Pogacnik, M., Juznic, P., Kosorok-Drobnic, M., Pogacnik, A., Cestnik, V., Kogovsek, J., Pestevsek, U., & Fernandes, T. (2004). An attempt to estimate students’ workload. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 31(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.31.3.255
[9] Devine, O. P., Harborne, A. C., Horsfall, H. L., Joseph, T., Marshall-Andon, T., Samuels, R., Kearsley, J. W., Abbas, N., Baig, H., Beecham, J., Benons, N., Caird, C., Clark, R., Cope, T., Coultas, J., Debenham, L., Douglas, S., Eldridge, J.,…, McManus, I. C. (2020, May). The Analysis of Teaching of Medical Schools (AToMS) survey: An analysis of 47,258 timetabled teaching events in 25 UK medical schools relating to timing, duration, teaching formats, teaching content, and problem-based learning. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01571-4
[10] Lizzio, A., Wilson, K., & Simons, R. (2002). University students’ perceptions of the learning environment and academic outcomes: Implications for theory and practice. Studies in Higher Education, 27(1), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070120099359
[11] West Virginia University School of Medicine. (2019). Student clinical and educational credit and contact hours policy. USA: MD Curriculum Committee. https: //www.wvstateu.edu/getattachment/Academics/ University-Catalogs/2020-21-WVSU-Catalog-(1).pdf
[12] The University of Michigan Medical School. (2021). Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) Program (Medical School Credit Hour Policy). USA: The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). https: //medicine.umich.edu/medschool/sites/medicine. umich.edu.medschool/files/assets/Medical% 20School%20Credit%20Hour%20Policy3-31-21.pdf
[13] Barbosa, J., Silva, A., Ferreira, M. A., & Severo, M. (2017). The impact of students and curriculum on self-study during clinical training in medical school: A multilevel approach. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0846-3
[14] Wilkinson, T. J., Wells, J. E., & Bushnell, J. A. (2007). Medical student characteristics associated with time in study: Is spending more time always a good thing? Medical Teacher, 29(2–3), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590601175317
[15] Kusurkar, R. A., Croiset, G., Galindo-Garré, F., & Ten Cate, O. (2013). Motivational profiles of medical students: Association with study effort, academic performance and exhaustion. BMC Medical Educa- tion, 13(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-87
[16] Snelling, P. C., Lipscomb, M., Lockyer, L., Yates, S., & Young, P. (2010). Time spent studying on a pre-registration nursing programme module: An exploratory study and implications for reg- ulation. Nurse Education Today, 30(8), 713–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.01.010
[17] Worley, P., Prideaux, D., Strasser, R., March, R., & Worley, E. (2004). What do medical students actually do on clinical rotations? Medical Teacher, 26(7), 594–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590412331285397
[18] Dolmans, D. H., Wolfhagen, H. A., Essed, G. G., Scherpbier, A. J., & van der Vleuten, C. P. (2001). Students’ perceptions of time spent during clinical rotations. Medical Teacher, 23(5), 471–475. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421590109177946
[19] Philip, J., Whitten, C. W., & Johnston, W. E. (2006). Independent study and performance on the anesthesiology in-training examination. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 18(6), 471–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2006.01.003
[20] Paff, L. (2017). Questioning the two-hour rule for studying. Lander’s University White Board, 9(9), 1– 3. https://www.lander.edu/about/_files/documents/ whiteboards/whiteboard-17sept.pdf