KnE Social Sciences

Published date: Oct 13 2025

Journal Title: KnE Social Sciences

Issue title: The International Conference of Psychology 2025 (IcoPsy 2025)

Pages: 156 - 168

DOI: 10.18502/kss.v10i25.19893

Muthia Maharanimuthiamaharani@uinsatu.ac.idIslamic Psychology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung, Tulungagung, East Java

Femita AdelinaIslamic Psychology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung, Tulungagung, East Java

Achieving gender equity is a central aim of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 5, which highlights the need to eradicate all forms of discrimination against women and girls. In Indonesia, a strong patriarchal culture causes unequal roles in the family, especially in childcare. Conventional parenting roles that place mothers as the primary caregivers and fathers as financial providers shape children’s unequal perceptions of gender roles. A father’s attendance and involvement in raising a child deeply supports not only their emotional, social, and moral development but also shapes how they come to see and value gender fairness in their daily lives. This study aimed to see the influence of nurturant fathering on gender equity in adolescents. The study used a quantitative correlational approach with 212 adolescents aged 18–20 years in Tulungagung Regency as subjects, who were identified by using a purposive sampling technique. The instruments used were the Nurturant Fathering Scale (NFS) and the Gender Equity Scale, with reliabilities of 0.938 and 0.94, respectively. The data were analyzed using simple linear regression, revealing a significant relationship between fathering and adolescents’ perceptions of gender equity (p = 0.000). Interestingly, the negative regression coefficient means that lower levels of nurturant fathering are associated with higher perceptions of gender equity among adolescents. This finding suggests that less participatory fathering patterns can encourage adolescents to have a more equal gender awareness, possibly due to experiences or other environmental influences that compensate for the father’s minimal role.

Keywords: parenting, nurturant fathering, gender equity

[1] Ashari, Y. (2018). Fatherlessness in Indonesia and its impact on children’s psychological development. Psikoislamika Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam, 15(1):35. 35-40. https://doi.org/10.18860/psi.v15i1.6661.

[2] Nisa TF, Suhermanto F. PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR AUD DALAM EDUCATION GOLDEN GARDEN FOR CHILDREN. Jurnal PGPAUD Trunojoyo. 2014;1(2):76–146.

[3] Lubis Z, Ariani E, Segala SM, Wulan W. Pendidikan Keluarga sebagai Basis Pendidikan Anak. Jurnal PEMA. 2021;1(2):92–106.

[4] Kuppens S, Ceulemans E. Parenting Styles: A Closer Look at a Well-Known Concept. J Child Fam Stud. 2019;28(1):168–81.

[5] Nauli VA, Karnadi K, Meilani SM. Peran Ibu Pedagang Pasar 24 Jam Terhadap Perkembangan Moral Anak (Penelitian Studi Kasus di Kota Bekasi). Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. 2019;3(1):241–53.

[6] Ariyati T, Misykah Zaidah V. Dampak Psikologis Ayah Terhadap Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini. Khazanah Pendidik. 2024;18(1):110.

[7] Maisyarah AA. Bahrun. The Role of Fathers in Early Childhood Care in Families in Darussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency. J Chem Inf Model. 2017;53(9):1689–99.

[8] Fagan J, Day R, Lamb ME, Cabrera NJ. Should researchers conceptualize differently the dimensions of parenting for fathers and mothers? J Fam Theory Rev. 2014;6(4):390–405.

[9] Delgado E, Serna C, Martínez I, Cruise E. Parental Attachment and Peer Relationships in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan;19(3):1064.

[10] Mukti P, Widyastuti E. The Role of Fathers in Javanese Society: A Review of Indigenous Psychology. J Psychohumanics. 2018;10:62–78.

[11] Gunawan NA, Nurwati N, Sekarningrum B. Analysis of Gender Roles in Child Care in Javanese and Sundanese Ethnic Families in Border Areas. JUPIIS J Soc Sci Educ. 2020;12(1):48–56.

[12] Marsuq AF, Kristiana IF. Relationship between perception of father involvement in parenting with self-concept in Grade X students of State Vocational High School 4 Kendari. Empathy J. 2017;6(4):247–53.

[13] Bangsawan I. Children’s Perceptions of Gender Roles in the Family. HARAKAT ANNISA J Gend Child Stud. 2023;8(1):43–52.

[14] Alifa R, Handayani E. The effect of perceived fathers’ involvement on subjective well-being: study on early adolescent groups who live without mother In Karawang. J Psychol. 2021;20(2):163–77.

[15] Flouri E, Buchanan A. Early father’s and mother’s involvement and child’s later educational outcomes. Br J Educ Psychol. 2004 Jun;74(Pt 2):141–53.

[16] Emmanuelle V. Inter-relationships among attachment to mother and father, selfesteem, and career decision. J Vocat Behav. 2009;75(2):91–9.

[17] Wagani R. Role of father versus mother in self-esteem of adolescence. J Psychosom Res. 2019;13(2):173–82.

[18] Backes EP, Bonnie RJ. The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth. Washington (DC). US: National Academies Press; 2019.

[19] Lamb ME. The Role of the Father in Child Development. 4th ed. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2004.

[20] Wilson KR, Prior MR. Father involvement and child well-being. J Paediatr Child Health. 2011 Jul;47(7):405–7.

[21] McBride BA, Mills G. A comparison of mother and father involvement with their preschool age children. Early Child Res Q. 1993;8(4):457–77.

[22] Finley GE, Schwartz SJ. The father involvement and parenting scale: A retrospective measure for adolescent and adult children. Educ Psychol Meas. 2004;64(1):143–64.

[23] Afsana K, Rashid SF, Chowdhury AM, Theobald S. Promoting maternal health: gender equity in Bangladesh. Br J Midwifery. 2007;15(11):721.

[24] Gill P, Stewart K, Treasure E, Chadwick B. Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. Br Dent J. 2008 Mar;204(6):291–5.

[25] Fineman MA. The vulnerable subject: anchoring equality in the human condition. Yale J Law Fem. 2008;20(1):1–23.

[26] Santrock JW. Educational psychology. McGraw-Hill; 2011.

[27] Halizah LR, Faralita E. Budaya patriarki dan kesetaraan gender. Wasaka Huk [Internet]. 2023;11(1):19–32. Available from: https://www.ojs.stihsabjm. ac.id/index.php/wasaka/article/view/84

[28] Rustina. KELUARGA DALAM KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI Rustina. J Tatsqif. 2020;(1):35–46.