KnE Social Sciences

Published date: Apr 18 2025

Journal Title: KnE Social Sciences

Issue title: The 7th International Conference on Education and Social Science Research (ICESRE)

Pages: 432 - 458

DOI: 10.18502/kss.v10i9.18515

Tubagus Herlambangtubagusherlambang@upgris.ac.idDepartment of Physical Education Health and Recreation, PGRI Semarang University, Semarang

Donny Anhar FahmiDepartment of Physical Education Health and Recreation, PGRI Semarang University, Semarang

Utvi Hinda ZhannisaDepartment of Physical Education Health and Recreation, PGRI Semarang University, Semarang

The purpose of this study is to analyze the needs of gross motor development in junior male artistic gymnasts, especially related to mastering the basic skills needed in the phase of getting the idea of the movement on single bars, parallel bars, bracelets and saddle horses. The method used is a tool development experiment with a qualitative analysis approach, involving junior male gymnasts with a one group pretest postest design. The research sample amounted to 12 gymnastics athletes in Central Java. Data were collected through motor skill tests and gymnast motivation through psychomotor tests that were tested for validity and reliability. Qualitative analysis based on literature review and case studies of motor development of gymnastics athletes based on age. The results showed that the use of artistic gymnastics equipment had a significant effect on the mastery of gross motor movement skills in junior male artistic gymnasts. In young athletes, between 8-13 years of age, the focus of training is more on basic motor development and strengthening muscle stability, not significantly increasing muscle mass. Entering the age category 14-18 years, athletes begin to experience more significant physical changes due to the influence of puberty. The anthropometric characteristics of athletes under 17 years of age are strongly influenced by the rapid growth phase, especially during puberty. Postural growth in athletes under 17 years old tends to vary depending on when they enter puberty. In boys, the growth spurt usually occurs between 12-15 years of age, while in girls between 10-13 years of age.It was concluded that hand reach and certain parts of the circling movement have common characteristics that are roughly described by the minimum torque change criterion. Optimization constraints were classified into anatomical/physiological; limiting the maximum hand force on the saddle handle before dismounting, maximum joint range of motion and torque, muscle activation/deactivation time and 2-geometry; avoiding contact with the saddle, and requiring minimum landing distance. Suggestions for future research include expanding the study to include a larger sample, which may provide greater statistical power to support research findings in the field of artistic gymnastics equipment for junior gymnasts.

Keywords: motor, artistic, gymnastics, equipment, anthropometry

[1] Prassas S, Kwon YH, Sands WA. Biomechanical research in artistic gymnastics: a review. Sports Biomech. 2006 Jul;5(2):261–91.

[2] Đorđević D, Paunović M, Veličković S, Veličković P, Stanković M, Radanović D, et al. Technical elements on the rings in men’s artistic gymnastics—a systematic review. J Men’s Health. 2023;19:7–15.

[3] Izzo R. Inertial analysis of acceleration, deceleration, and angular speed in the technical of the front tucked somersault in female artistic gymnastics. J Phys Educ Sport. 2024;24(6):1336–48.

[4] Formiga CK, Linhares MB. Motor Skills: Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. 2nd ed. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences; 2015. pp. 971–7.

[5] Starzak M, Biegajło M, Nogal M, Niźnikowski T, Ambroży T, Rydzik Ł, et al. The Role of Verbal Feedback in the Motor Learning of Gymnastic Skills: A Systematic Review. Appl Sci (Basel). 2022;12(12):5940.

[6] Sugiyono. MetodePenelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: PT Alfabet. Sugiyono (2017) MetodePenelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif Dan R&D Bandung: PT Alfabet 2017.

[7] Opala-Berdzik A, Głowacka M, Juras G. Postural sway in young female artistic and acrobatic gymnasts according to training experience and anthropometric characteristics. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 Feb;13(1):11.

[8] Russo L, Palermi S, Dhahbi W, Kalinski SD, Bragazzi NL, Padulo J. Selected components of physical fitness in rhythmic and artistic youth gymnast. Sport Sci Health. 2021;17(2):415–21.

[9] Berisha M. A biomechanical examination of the inclusion of active flexibility in artistic gymnastic movements requiring mobility. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2021;25(5):267–74.

[10] Palmer C. Aesthetics and symbolism in artistic gymnastics: From martial discipline to ritual practices embodied in performance. Training the Body: Perspectives from Religion. Physical Culture and Sport; 2022. pp. 111–25.

[11] Baskoro R, Putra A. Image Analysis of Ideal Antropometric Percentage Proportion of Men Artistic Gymnastic Apparatus. 2019.

[12] Zhang M, Jia J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang X. Effects of exercise interventions on cognitive functions in healthy populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2023 Dec;92:102116.

[13] Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Effects of long-term athletic training on muscle morphology and tendon stiffness in preadolescence: association with jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020 Dec;120(12):2715–27.

[14] Glynn B, Laird J, Herrington L, Rushton A, Heneghan NR. Analysis of landing performance and ankle injury in elite British artistic gymnastics using a modified drop land task: A longitudinal observational study. Phys Ther Sport. 2022 May;55:61–9.

[15] Lemos JR, da Cunha FA, Lopes AJ, Guimar aes FS, do Amaral Vasconcellos FV, Dos Santos Vigário P. Respiratory muscle training in non-athletes and athletes with spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the effects on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness based on the FITT principle of exercise prescription. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2020;33(4):655– 67.

[16] Simorgh L, Mahdavie E, Arzani P. The comparison of the psoas muscle thickness and strength, and sagittal lumbopelvic alignment in female gymnasts with sway-back posture and normal posture. Acta Gymn. 2024;54: https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2024.007.

[17] Jakse B, Sekulic D, Jakse B, Cuk I, Sajber D. Bone health among indoor female athletes and associated factors; a cross-sectional study. Res Sports Med. 2020;28(3):314–23.

[18] Abbas RA. Effective mental skills in the reduction forgetfulness by the law of artistic gymnastic for female students of the faculty of physical education and sports science. Sport Sci (Travnik). 2020;13:67–75.

[19] Hernández-Beltrán V, Espada MC, Mu noz-Jiménez J, León K, Ferreira CC, Parraca JA, et al. Evolution of Documents Related to Biomechanics Research in Gymnastics. Biomechanics (Basel). 2023;3(4):477–92.

[20] Rajpoot YS, Ghai GD, Bagchi A, Scholar PD. Biomechanical Analysis of Selected Holding Positions on Parallel Bar in Gymnastic. Volume 3. 2012.

[21] Mkaouer B, Hammoudi-Nassib S, Amara S, Chaabène H. Evaluating the physical and basic gymnastics skills assessment for talent identification in men’s artistic gymnastics proposed by the International Gymnastics Federation. Biol Sport. 2018 Dec;35(4):383–92.

[22] Makadada FA. The effects of game-based passive, static stretching, and trunk flexibility on the execution of forward roll in floor exercise: A factorial experimental design. J Phys Educ Sport. 2024;24(4):872–85.

[23] Prassas S, Kwon YH, Sands WA. Biomechanical research in artistic gymnastics: a review. Sports Biomech. 2006 Jul;5(2):261–91.

[24] Iswanto A, Siswantoyo S, Sutapa P, Arga MW, Budiarti R, Susanto S. Analysis of difficulties learning artistic gymnastic movements in elementary students. Fizjoterapia Polska. 2023;23(3):198–202.

[25] Koley S. Anthropometric Determinants of Competitive Performance in Gymnastics. Syst Rev. 2019.

[26] Vernetta M, Peláez-Barrios EM, López-Bedoya J. Systematic review of flexibility tests in gymnastics. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2020;17(1):1–16.

[27] Möck S, Korrmann A, Nissinen P, Wirth K. Eccentric peak torque of the knee flexors and extensors relates to backward somersault height in female junior artistic gymnasts. Science of Gymnastics Journal. 2021;13(2):211–9.

[28] Kyselovičová O, Zemková E, Péliová K, Matejová L. Isokinetic leg muscle strength relationship to dynamic balance reflects gymnast-specific differences in adolescent females. Front Physiol. 2023 Jan;13:1084019.

[29] Kaufmann S, Ziegler M, Werner J, Noe C, Latzel R, Witzany S, et al. Energetics of Floor Gymnastics: Aerobic and Anaerobic Share in Male and Female Sub-elite Gymnasts. Sports Med Open. 2022 Jan;8(1):3.

[30] Baskoro R, Putra A. Image Analysis of Ideal Antropometric Percentage Proportion of Men Artistic Gymnastic Apparatus. 2019.

[31] Baskora R, Putra A, Rahayu T, Kasmini W. The Importance of Paying Attention to Anthropometrics in the Selection Athletes. 2020.

[32] Aji-Putra RB, Rahayu T, Kasmini W. Sulaiman. The software instrumen for gymnast posture analysis. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2022;17(2):457–72.

[33] Prassas S, Kwon YH, Sands WA. Biomechanical research in artistic gymnastics : a review. Sports Biomech 2013;5:2, 261–2:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140608522878..

[34] Kerwin DG, Hiley MJ. Estimation of reaction forces in high bar swinging. Isea; 2003. pp. 21–2.

[35] Cagran C A, Huber P, M W. Dynamic force measurements for a high bar using 3D motion capturing 2010;43:767–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.10.035..

[36] Fujihara T, Pierre G. Hip moment profiles during circles in side support and in cross support on the pommel horse. Integrating Science and Practice in Gymnastics; 2017.

[37] Semenov D, Shlyakhtov V, Rumyantsev A. Kinematic analysis of “Russian” circles in gymnastics. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance. 2022;1(4):385–90.

[38] Fujihara T, Gervais P. Biomechanics of Suspended-Circles on Pommel Horse: What If Knees Are Suspended? 30th Annual Conference of Biomechanics in Sports 2012:136–40.

[39] Vladimir P. Biomechanical Analysis of Sports Technique Key Elements in Back Double Somersault Dismount off Uneven Bars-Junior Gymnasts 12 to 14 Years Old. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;117:203–9.

[40] Naundorf F, Brehmer S. Calculation forces from bar movement on parallel bars in gymnastics. n.d.