KnE Social Sciences
ISSN: 2518-668X
The latest conference proceedings on humanities, arts and social sciences.
Evaluation of Teachers' Role in Engineering Design Process Learning in Early Childhood
Published date: Apr 18 2025
Journal Title: KnE Social Sciences
Issue title: The 7th International Conference on Education and Social Science Research (ICESRE)
Pages: 367 - 381
Authors:
Abstract:
Creative thinking is a crucial skill that students must acquire in order to find the most appropriate solutions to problems. This skill can be obtained through Engineering Design Process (EDP) learning which blends creativity with innovative engineering techniques by transforming new ideas into tangible forms. Research indicates that highly qualified teachers develop high-achieving students. Therefore, evaluation is needed to determine the success of learning. This research evaluates the role of teachers in EDP learning in early childhood. The data are qualitative with an evaluation approach, collected through observation and documentation techniques. To analyze the data’s validity, the researchers use Nvivo, a software program used for qualitative research. The research results show that teachers carried out their roles optimally when teaching EDP on the theme of spiders, butterflies, and ant cooperation. However, when teaching the theme of water pumps, teachers did not carry out their roles optimally. This study shows that the role of teachers has an impact on the EDP learning process. Thus, the results contribute to improving the qualifications of teachers in EDP learning to help them become more proficient educators.
Keywords: early childhood, EDP learning, engineering design process, evaluation, role of teachers, teachers’ evaluation
References:
[1] Jackson N, Oliver M, Shaw M, Wisdom J. Developing creativity in higher education: An imaginative curriculum. London: Routledge; 2006. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203016503.
[2] Karunarathne W, Calma A. Assessing creative thinking skills in higher education: deficits and improvements. Stud High Educ. 2024;49(1):157–77.
[3] De Alencar EM, De Souza Fleith D, Pereira N. Creativity in higher education: challenges and facilitating factors. Temas Psicol. 2017;25(2):553–61.
[4] Florida R. America’s looming creativity crisis. IEEE Eng Manage Rev. 2005;33(1):105.
[5] Karpova E, Marcketti SB, Barker J. The efficacy of teaching creativity: assessment of student creative thinking before and after exercises. Cloth Text Res J. 2011;29(1):52– 66.
[6] OECD. PISA 2022 Creative Thinking 2022. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/subissues/ creative-thinking/pisa-2022-creative-thinking.html (accessed September 10, 2024).
[7] Leggett N. Creativity in early childhood: how educators from Australia and Italy are documenting the creative thought processes of young children. SN Soc Sci. 2024;4(3):74.
[8] Gök B, Sürmeli H. The Effect of Scientific Toy Design Activities Based on the Engineering Design Process on Secondary School Students’ Scientific Creativity. Asian J Univ Educ. 2022;18(3): https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v18i2.17987.
[9] Fan SC, Yu KC, Lou SJ. Why do students present different design objectives in engineering design projects? Int J Technol Des Educ. 2018;28(4):1039–60.
[10] Safitri W, Suyanto S, Prasetya WA. The Influence of the STEM-Based Engineering Design Process Model on High School Students’ Creative and Critical Thinking Abilities. J Penelit Pendidik IPA. 2024;10(2):662–73.
[11] Syukri M, Halim L, Mohtar LE. Engineering Design Process: Cultivating Creativity Skills through Development of Science Technical Product Muhammad. J Fiz MALAYSIA; 2017. p. 38.
[12] Staff A. Exploring the Engineering Design Process for Kids 2024. https://blog.acceleratelearning.com/exploring-the-engineering-design-processfor- kids
[13] NGSS. K-2 Engineering Design n.d. https://www.nextgenscience.org/topicarrangement/ k-2engineering-design (accessed July 11, 2023).
[14] Tank KM, Moore TJ, Dorie BL, Gajdzik E, Sanger MT, Rynearson AM, et al. Engineering in Early Elementary Classrooms Through the Integration of High-Quality Literature, Design, and STEM+C Content. Early Eng. Learn. Singapore: Springer; 2018. pp. 175–201.
[15] Wendell K, Rogers C. Engineering design-based science, science content performance, and science attitudes in elementary school. J Eng Educ. 2013;102(4):513–40. Available from: https://doi.org/
[16] Pattison S, Ramos-Monta nez S, Svarovsky G. Early childhood engineering: supporting engineering design practices with young children and their families. NARST 2020 Annu. Int. Conf., Portland: 2020.
[17] Murcia K, Oblak C. Exploring an Engineering Design Process and Young Children’s Creativity, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94724-8_12..
[18] Lottero-Perdue P. Engaging Young Children in Engineering Design Encouraging Them to Think, Create, Try and Try Again. STEM Early Child. Educ. London: Routledge; 2019.
[19] Teach Engineering. NGSS Engineering Design 2023. https://www.teachengineering.org/standards/ngss (accessed August 20, 2023).
[20] Amabile T. Creativity in context update to the social psychology of creativity. New York: Routledge; 1996., https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429501234
[21] Mumford MD, Gustafson SB. Creativity Syndrome: Integration, Application, and Innovation. Psychol Bull. 1988;103(1):27–43.
[22] Howard T, Culley S, Dekoninck E. Creativity in the engineering design process. Proc. ICED 2007, 16th Int. Conf. Eng. Des., vol. DS 42, 2007.
[23] Katehi L, Pearson G, Feder M. Engineering in K-12 education: Understanding the status and improving the prospects. Washington (D.C.): The National Academies Press; 2009.
[24] Bryan L, Moore T, Johnson C, Roehrig G. Integrated STEM education. In: Johnson CC, Peters-Burton E, Moore T, editors. STEM road map a Framew. Integr. STEM Educ. New York: Routledge; 2015. pp. 23–37., https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315753157
[25] Park DY, Park MH, Bates AB. Exploring Young Children’s Understanding About the Concept of Volume Through Engineering Design in a STEM Activity: A Case Study. Int J Sci Math Educ. 2018;16(2):275–94.
[26] Fan SC, Yu KC. How an integrative STEM curriculum can benefit students in engineering design practices. Int J Technol Des Educ. 2017;27(1):107–29.
[27] English LD, King D, Smeed J. Advancing integrated STEM learning through engineering design: sixth-grade students’ design and construction of earthquake resistant buildings. J Educ Res. 2017;110(3):255–71.
[28] Moore TJ, Glancy AW, Tank KM, Kersten JA, Smith KA, Stohlmann MS. A Framework for Quality K-12 Engineering Education: research and Development. J Precoll Eng Educ Res. 2014;4(1): https://doi.org/10.7771/2157-9288.1069.
[29] Isabelle AD, Russo L, Velazquez-Rojas A. Using the engineering design process (EDP) to guide block play in the kindergarten classroom: exploring effects on learning outcomes. Int J Play. 2021;10(1):43–62.
[30] Luthfy PA, Munawar M, Setyoadi Y. D.H. DP. Perencanaan Engineering dalam Pembelajaran Outdoor Anak Usia Dini. Obs J Pendidik Anak Usia Dini. 2023;7:7397– 408.
[31] Ho TE, Pang V. Outcomes of an integrated STEM with design thinking module on preschoolers’ engineering practices. Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ. 2024;20(4):em2431. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/14433 https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/14433.
[32] Yin R. Case study research: Design and methods. London: SAGE Publications; n.d.
[33] Tank KM, Rynearson AM, Moore TJ. Examining Student and Teacher Talk Within Engineering Design in Kindergarten. Eur J STEM Educ. 2018;3(3): https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3870.
[34] Educorpus. Changing the role of teacher as facilitator 2024. https://educorpus.com/changing-the-role-of-teacher-as-facilitator/#:∼:text=The Role Of A Facilitator-Teacher In Modern Education&text=They act as a mediator,active participation from the students. (accessed September 24, 2024).
[35] Engida M, Iyasu A, Fentie Y. Impact of teaching quality on student achievement: student evidence. Front Educ (Lausanne). 2024;9:1367317. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1367317
[36] Danielson C. The Handbook for enhancing professional practice: Using the framework for teaching in your school. Alexandria (VA): ASCD; 2008.
[37] Jatmiko A, Hadiati E, Oktavia M. Penerapan evaluasi pembelajaran anak usia dini di Taman Kanak-Kanak. Al Athfaal J Ilm Pendidik Anak Usia Dini 2020;3:83–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24042/ajipaud.v3i1.687 https://doi.org/10.24042/ajipaud.v3i1.6875.
[38] Fan X. Teachers’ perspectives on the evaluation of teacher effectiveness: A focus on student learning objectives. Teach Teach Educ. 2022;110:103604.
[39] Jackson K, Bazeley P. Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo. 3rd ed. 2019.
[40] Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes (CEELO). Evaluating early childhood educators prekindergarten through third grade 2014. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553368.pdf (accessed September 15, 2024).
[41] Dolmans DH, Wolfhagen IH, Schmidt HG, van der Vleuten CP. A rating scale for tutor evaluation in a problem-based curriculum: validity and reliability. Med Educ. 1994 Nov;28(6):550–8.
[42] Markley T. Defining the effective teacher: current arguments in education. Essays Educ. 2004;:11.
[43] Rockoff JE. The impact of individual teachers on student achievement: evidence from panel data. Am Econ Rev. 2004;94(2):247–52.
[44] Nye B, Konstantopoulos S, Hedges LV. How large are teacher effects? Educ Eval Policy Anal. 2004;26(3):237–57.
[45] Raudenbush SW, Martinez A, Spybrook J. Strategies for improving precision in grouprandomized experiments. Educ Eval Policy Anal. 2007;29(1):5–29.
[46] Aaronson D, Barrow L, Sander W. Teachers and student achievement in the Chicago public high schools. J Labor Econ. 2007;25(1):95–135.
[47] Alwaely SA, El-Zeiny ME, Alqudah H, Alamarnih EF, Salman OK, Halim M, et al. THE IMPACT OF TEACHER EVALUATION ON PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT. Rev Gest Soc e Ambient. 2023;17(7):e03484.
[48] Danielson C. Evaluations that help teachers learn. Educ Leadersh. 2010;68:35–9.
[49] Cleaver S, Detrich R, States J. Overview of teacher evaluation. Oakland, C.A: The Wing Institute; 2018.
[50] Richards JC, Rodgers TS. Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009024532.
[51] Kaendler C, Wiedmann M, Rummel N, Spada H. Teacher competencies for the implementation of collaborative learning in the classroom: A framework and research review. Educ Psychol Rev. 2015;27(3):505–36.
[52] Lin KY, Wu YT, Hsu YT, Williams PJ. Effects of infusing the engineering design process into STEM project-based learning to develop preservice technology teachers’ engineering design thinking. Int J STEM Educ. 2021;8(1):1.
[53] Baine C. Teacher’s guide to using Engineering Design in Science teaching and learning elementary school edition. Portland: Oregon University System; 2013.
[54] Maslyk D. What is the Engineering Design Process and How Do You Teach It? 2023. https://carlyandadam.com/thecarlyandadam/what-is-the-engineering-designprocess- and-how-do-you-teach-it?rq=engineering design (accessed September 2, 2024).
[55] Georgia Institute of Technology. Strengthens 21st Century Skills 2023. https://stemid. ceismc.gatech.edu/21st-century-skills/ (accessed August 5, 2023).
[56] Irah Larasati Q, Cahyaningtyas A, Mangzila A, Agus Firawati A, Munirotul Yuanita S, Lesmana I. The Role and Function of Teachers in Improving Effective Learning in Classes, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2991/coema-19.2019.4..
[57] Cinar S. Integration of engineering design in early education: how to achieve. Cypriot J Educ Sci. 2019;14(4):520–34.
[58] Katoch S. Changing role of teachers as facilitators 2020. https://indiadidac.org/2020/10/changing-role-of-teachers-as-facilitators/%0A%0A
[59] Hamamorad AM. Teacher as mediator in the EFL classroom: A role to promote students’ level of interaction, activeness, and learning. Int J English Lang Teach. 2016;4:64.
[60] Zhao L, Zhao B, Li C. Alignment analysis of teaching–learning-assessment within the classroom: how teachers implement project-based learning under the curriculum standards. Discip Interdiscip Sci Educ Res. 2023;5(1):13.