Published date: May 20 2022

Journal Title: KnE Social Sciences

Issue title: The 3rd International Conference on Governance, Public Administration, and Social Science (ICoGPASS)

Pages: 1348–1370

DOI: 10.18502/kss.v7i9.11020

. Hamkalaiccahamka@gmail.comSTIA LAN Polytechnic Jakarta, Jalan Administration II Pejompongan, Central Jakarta, Indonesia

Eddy KoesponcoApplied Master Program, State Development Administration Study Program, STIA LAN Polytechnic Jakarta, Central Jakarta, Indonesia

. AnitaApplied Master Program, State Finance Management Study Program, STIA LAN Polytechnic Jakarta, Central Jakarta, Indonesia 4Applied Master Program, State D

Sri CahyaningrumApplied Master Program, State Development Administration Study Program, STIA LAN Polytechnic Jakarta, Central Jakarta, Indonesia

Muhammad YusufApplied Master Program, State Finance Management Study Program, STIA LAN Polytechnic Jakarta, Central Jakarta, Indonesia

The main challenge in developing sustainable ecotourism in Indonesia is to maintain a balance of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental development. The emergence of problems in tourism development is due to the direction of policies that prioritize the economic aspect so that it has an impact on the destruction of environmental ecosystems and the erosion of local wisdom and culture. This study aims to assess stakeholder collaboration in developing sustainable ecotourism in Badung Regency, Bali Province. The research approach used is a qualitative and exploratory research design where the data are sourced from in-depth interviews, FGDs, and secondary data. The research paradigm adheres to a constructivist view, data analysis is inductive. The findings of this study indicate that there are initiatives from the government to support the private sector, the community, and environmental conservation although it is not yet optimal. The varied types of relationships among stakeholders still leave a lack of understanding in building mutual trust and interdependence. For this reason, it is necessary for the commitment of stakeholders, especially the government in the form of providing financial, coaching, and administrative support so that cooperation continues to be strengthened so that it can gradually improve collaboration and reduce community dependence on the government and encourage business independence without neglecting socio-cultural interests and environmental preservation. Further studies are needed to understand strategies that can drive appropriate initiatives that impact stakeholder understanding, mutual trust, and self-reliance of the private sector and local communities to develop sustainable ecotourism.

Keywords: collaboration, stakeholder, sustainable ecotourism

[1] Eshun G, Tagoe-Darko E. Ecotourism development in Ghana: A postcolonial analysis. Development Southern Africa. 2015;32(3):392-406.

[2] UNWTO. Affiliate members regional reports. Madrid; 2015

[3] UNWTO. Tourism towards 2030: Global overview. Madrid. 2011

[4] UNWTO. Sustainable tourism indicators and destination management. Paper presented at: Regional Workshop; 2007 Apr 25-27; Kolašin, Montenegro.

[5] Sirima A, Backman KF. Communities’ displacement from national park and tourism development in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania. Current Issues in Tourism. 2013;16(7- 8):719-735.

[6] Gossling S, Scott D, Hall CM. Pandemics, tourism, and global change: A rapid assessment of Covid-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2021;29(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708

[7] UNWTO. Supporting jobs and economies through travel & tourism: A call for action to mitigate the socio-economic impact of Covid-19 and accelerate recovery. 2020

[8] UNWTO. International tourist arrivals could fall by 20–30% in 2020. Available from: https://www.unwto.org/news/international-tourism-arrivals-could-fall-in-2020

[9] Dolnicar S, Zare S. COVID19 and Airbnb: Disrupting the disruptor. Annals of Tourism Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102961. 2020

[10] Rai SC. Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation. New York: Nova science Publishers Inc.; 2012.

[11] McKercher B. Academia and the evolution of ecotourism. Tourism Recreation. Research. 2010;35(1):15-26.

[12] Fletcher R. Romancing the wild: Cultural dimensions of ecotourism. Durham: Duke University Press; 2014.

[13] Björk P. Critical issues in ecotourism: Understanding a complex tourism phenomenon. Higham J, editor. Oxford: Elsevier; 2007.

[14] Saufi A, O’Brien D, Wilkins H. Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable. tourism development in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2014;22(5):801-820.

[15] Rossberg MAE. Multi-stakeholder approaches to developing ecotourism destinations. Available from: http://wilderness.academy/wp- content/uploads/2014/ 10/17_ROSSBERG_tourism_mission-impossbile- Max.pdf.2013

[16] Vargas del Río, Brenner L. Community based ecotourism and environmental conservation in Mexico: the experience of La Ventanilla, Oaxac. Estudios Sociales. 2013; 21(41):33-63

[17] Buckley R. Encyclopedia of tourism. Jafari J, Xiao H, editors. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

[18] McKercher B, Prideaux B. Academic myths of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 2014;46:16-28.

[19] Pegas F, Coghlan A, Stronza A, Rocha V. For love or for money? Investigating the impact of an ecotourism programme on local residents’ assigned values towards sea turtles. Journal of Ecotourism. 2013;12 (2):90-106.

[20] Graci, S. (2013). Collaboration and partnership development for sustainabletourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 25-42.

[21] Shoo RA, Songorwa AN. Contribution of eco-tourism to nature conservation and improvement of livelihoods around Amani nature reserve, Tanzania. Journal of Ecotourism. 2013;12(2):75-89.

[22] TIES. What is Ecotourism? Retrieved fromhttp://www.ecotourism.org/what-isecotourism. 2017

[23] Backman KF, Munanura I. Introduction to the special issues on ecotourism in Africa over the past 30 years. Journal of Ecotourism. 2015;14(2-3):95-98.

[24] Wondirad A. Stakeholder collaboration for sustainable ecotourism development in Southern Ethiopia. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; 2018

[25] Pansiri J. Collaboration and partnership in tourism: The experience of Botswana. Tourism Planning & Development. 2013;10(1):64-84.

[26] Kline CS, Slocum SL. Neoliberalism in ecotourism? The new development paradigm of multinational projects in Africa. Journal of Ecotourism. 2015;14(2-3):99-112.

[27] Kimbu AN, Ngoasong MZ. Centralized decentralization of tourism development: A network perspective. Annals of Tourism Research. 2013;40:235- 259.

[28] Björk P. Ecotourism from a conceptual perspective, an extended definition of a unique tourism form. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2000;2(3):189-202.

[29] TIES. TIES global ecotourism fact sheet. Available from: https://ibgeographylancaster.wikispaces.com/file/view/TIES+GLOBAL+ ECOTOURISM+F CT+SHEET.PDF. 2006

[30] Sirakaya E, Sasidharan V, Sönmez S. Redefining ecotourism: The need for a supplyside view. Journal of Travel Research. 1999;38(2):168-172.

[31] Ceballos-Lascurain H. The future of ecotourism. Mexico Journal. 1987

[32] Chan R, Bhatta K. Ecotourism planning and sustainable community development: Theoretical perspectives for Nepal. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. 2013;6(1):69-96.

[33] Fennell DA. Ecotourism. London: Routledge; 2003.

[34] Jafari J. Tourism as a factor of change: A socio-cultural study. Bystrzanowski J, editor. Vienna: Centre for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences; 1989.

[35] UNWTO (2015). Affiliate Members Regional Reports, Volume four – Tourism inAfrica: A Tool for Development, Madrid.

[36] Bien, A. Bridging the Gap between Policies and the Field in Sustainable Tourism through New International Networks. Retrieved fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=de55JjVZVS8. 2010

[37] Wood, M. E. Ecotourism, its principles, practices and policies forSustainability. UNEP division of technology, industry and economics; 2002

[38] Elkington J. Cannibals with forks: the TBL of 21st century business. Oxford: Capstone; 1997.

[39] Tyrrell, T., Paris, C. M., & Biaett, V. A quantified triple bottom line fortourism: Experimental results. Journal of Travel Research. 2013;52(3), 279-293.

[40] Stoddard, J. E., Pollard, C. E., & Evans, M. R. (2012). The triple bottom line: aframework for sustainable tourism development. International Journal ofHospitality & Tourism Administration. 2012;13(3), 233-258.

[41] Buckley R. Environmental inputs and outputs in ecotourism: Geotourism with a positive triple bottom line. Journal of Ecotourism. 2003;2(1):76-82.

[42] Faux, J., & Dwyer, L. Triple Bottom Line Reporting of Tourism Organizations to Support Sustainable Development. BEST EducationNetwork Module. 2009:1-47.

[43] Wood, M. E. The role of sustainable tourism in international development: prospects for economic growth, alleviation of poverty and environmental conservation. In J. Higham (Eds.), Critical Issues in Ecotourism: Understanding a complex tourism phenomenon. Amsterdam, Elsevier Ltd. 2007:159-185.

[44] Sheehan LR, Ritchie JB. Destination stakeholders exploring identity and salience. Annals of Tourism Research. 2005;32(3):711-734.

[45] Marzuki A, Hay I. Encyclopedia of tourism. Jafari J, Xiao H, editors. Switzerland Springer International Publishing; 2016.

[46] Pfeffer J, Salancik G. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row; 1978.

[47] Bricker K, Donohoe H. Demystifying theories in tourism research. Wallingford: CABI; 2015.

[48] Freeman RE. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Advances in Strategic Management. 1984;1(1):31–60.

[49] Yodsuwan, C., & Butcher, K. (2012). Determinants of tourism collaborationmember satisfaction in Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 2012;17(1), 63-80.

[50] Steurer R. Mapping stakeholder theory anew: From the ‘stakeholder theory of the firm’ to three perspectives on business–society relations. Business Strategy and the Environment. 2006;15(1):55-69.

[51] Zhang J, Dawes SS, Sarkis J. Exploring stakeholders’ expectations of the benefits and barriers of e-government knowledge sharing. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. 2005;18(5):548-567.

[52] Nicholas LN, Thapa B, Ko YJ. Residents’ perspectives of a world heritage site: The Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia. Annals of Tourism Research. 2009;36(3):390- 412.

[53] Donohoe H, Reyes B, Becerra L. Demystifying theories in tourism research. Bricker KS, Donohoe H, editors. Wallingford: CABI; 2015.

[54] Mitchell R, Agle B, Wood D. Towards a theory of stakeholder identification and alliance. Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review. 1997;22(4):853–886.

[55] Gray B. Collaborating: Finding common ground for multi party problems. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass; 1989.

[56] Trist E. Referent organizations and the development of inter-organizational domains. Human Relations. 1983;36(3):269-284.

[57] Zapata MJ, Hall CM. Public–private collaboration in the tourism sector: Balancing legitimacy and effectiveness in local tourism partnerships. The Spanish case. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. 2012;4(1):61-83.

[58] Jamal TB, Getz, D. Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research. 1995;22(1):186-204.

[59] Bramwell, B., & Sharman, A. (1999). Collaboration in local tourismpolicymaking. Annals of tourism research, 26(2), 392-415.

[60] Stone MT. Community-based ecotourism: A collaborative partnerships perspective. Journal of Ecotourism. 2015;14(2-3)

[61] UNWTO (2004). Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations:A Guidebook. Madrid: United Nations World Tourism Organization.

[62] UNWTO (2007). Sustainable tourism indicators and destination management. Regional Workshop, Kolašin, Montenegro, April 25-27.

[63] Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Badung. Visi dan misi. https://dispar.badungkab.go.id/ visi-dan-misi-128. 2020

[64] Ritchie J, Lewis J, Nicholls CM, Ormston R. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage; 2013

[65] Schwandt TA. Handbook of qualitative research. Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, editors. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2000.

[66] Guba EG. The paradigm dialog. Guba EG, editor. Newbury Park: Sage; 1990.

[67] Kreuger, L. W., & Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social work research methods: Qualitative and quantitative applications. Boston and New York, Pearson & Allyn Bacon.