Published date: Mar 15 2022

Journal Title: KnE Social Sciences

Issue title: 2021 Annual Conference of Indonesian Association for Public Administration

Pages: 398–416

DOI: 10.18502/kss.v7i5.10567

Novi Widyaningrumnovi_cpps@ugm.ac.idGraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Laksono TrisnantoroHealth Policy and Management-Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Nanang Indra KurniawanDepartment of Politics and Government - Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada

This study examined a social movement in the digitalized world along with its role in the public policy process. The research focused on how the social movement was accessed and spread, and how knowledge was formed on Facebook so that it could influence the success or failure of a certain policy. It is essential to further explore how knowledge is mobilized through social movements in the digitalized world so as to enrich the theories of governance and public policies. In this study, content analysis was ued. The results showed that the group of main actors who criticized the vaccine’s safety was heterogeneous. In terms of vaccine criticism, there were the anti-vaccine movements, the marginally anti-vaccine movements, and the occasionally vaccine-critical movements. This heterogeneity could be found in the type of arguments mobilized to question the vaccine’s safety and in these actors’ likelihood of being involved in any vaccine-related controversies. The religion and conspiracy theory discourses were the two most used discourses to reject the vaccine delivery program in Indonesia. By mobilizing knowledge through a social movement in the digitalized world, the anti-vaccine movement actors had a wider network and had the potential to influence the success of the government program.

Keywords: social movement, anti-vaccine, health policy, social media

[1] Dubé E, Laberge C, Guay M, Bramadat P, Roy R, Bettinger J. Vaccine hesitancy: An overview. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics. 2013;9(8):1763–1773. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.24657

[2] Ward JK. Rethinking the anti vaccine movement concept: A case study of public criticism of the swine flu vaccine’s safety in France. Social Science and Medicine. 2016;159:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.05.003

[3] Broniatowski DA, Jamison AM, Qi SH, et al. Weaponized health communication: Twitter bots and Russian trolls amplify the vaccine debate. American Journal of Public Health. 2018;108(10):1378–1384. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304567

[4] Lutkenhaus RO, Jansz J, Bouman MPA. Mapping the Dutch vaccination debate on Twitter: Identifying communities, narratives, and interactions. Vaccine. 2019;10(1):100019. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JVACX.2019.100019

[5] Mavragani A, Ochoa G. The internet and the anti-vaccine movement: Tracking the 2017 EU measles outbreak. Big Data and Cognitive Computing. 2018;2(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc2010002

[6] Kata A. A postmodern Pandora’s box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine. 2010;28(7):1709–1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.02

[7] Kata A. Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine. 2012;30(25):3778–3789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112

[8] Bryan MA, Gunningham H, Moreno MA. Content and accuracy of vaccine information on pediatrician blogs. Vaccine. 2018;36(5):765–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.088

[9] Schmidt AL, Zollo F, Scala A, Betsch C, Quattrociocchi W. Polarization of the vaccination debate on Facebook. Vaccine. 2018;36(25):3606–3612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.040

[10] Betsch C, Ulshöfer C, Renkewitz F, Betsch T. The influence of narrative v. statistical information on perceiving vaccination risks. Medical Decision Making. 2011;31(5):742–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X11400419

[11] Hussain, A., Ali, S., Ahmed, M., & Hussain, S. (2018). The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine. Cureus, 10, e2919. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2919

[12] Pérez-altable L. Social movements and network analysis. The case of Tunisia digital activism before and during the Arab Spring (2010-2011) [PhD thesis]. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra; 2016.

[13] Bromberg, N. R. (2013). Digital activism: passive participation and divergence of ideas in online social movements [Auckland University of Technology]. http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/5328

[14] Sierra-Caballero F. Cyberactivism and social movements. The oppositional public space in contemporary technopolitics. Revista Latina de Communication Social. 2018;73:980–990. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1292

[15] Jansen F. Digital activism in the Middle East: Mapping issue networks in Egypt, Iran, Syria and Tunisia. Knowledge Management for Development Journal. 2010;6(1):37– 52. https://doi.org/10.1080/19474199.2010.493854

[16] Klimburg, A., & Mirtl, P. (2012). Cyberspace and Governance. September 2011, 1–35. http://www.oiip.ac.at/fileadmin/Unterlagen/Dateien/Publikationen/ Cyberspace_and_Governance_-_Working_Paper_65_2.pdf

[17] Smith, T. C. (2017). Vaccine rejection and hesitancy: A review and call to action. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases (Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 1–7). OFID. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx146

[18] Peretti-Watel P, Larson HJ, Ward JK, Schulz WS, Verger P. Vaccine hesitancy: Clarifying a theoretical framework for an ambiguous notion. PLoS Currents. 2015;7. https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6844c80ff9f5b273f34c91f71b7fc289

[19] Capurro G, Greenberg J, Dubé E, Driedger M. Measles, moral regulation and the social construction of risk: Media narratives of “anti-vaxxers” and the 2015 Disneyland outbreak. Canadian Journal of Sociology. 2018;43(1):25–47.

[20] Fadda M, Allam A, Schulz PJ. Arguments and sources on Italian online forums on childhood vaccinations: Results of a content analysis. Vaccine. 2015;33(51):7152– 7159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.007

[21] Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Fielding KS. The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology. 2018;37(4):307–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586

[22] Izzati, A. N., Utomo, B., & Indarwati, R. (2020). Factors Related to Vaccine Hesitancy in Anti-vaccine Group on Facebook. Jurnal Ners, 15(2), 40–44.

[23] Johnson NF, Velásquez N, Restrepo NJ, et al. The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views. Nature. 2020;582(7811):230–233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1

[24] Jolley D, Douglas KM. The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177

[25] Olive JK, Hotez PJ, Damania A, Nolan MS. The state of the anti vaccine movement in the United States: A focused examination of nonmedical exemptions in states and counties. PLoS Medicine. 2018;15(6):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002578

[26] Tafuri S, Gallone MS, Cappelli MG, Martinelli D, Prato R, Germinario C. Addressing the anti-vaccination movement and the role of HCWs. Vaccine. 2014;32(38):4860–4865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.006

[27] Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Del Vicario, M., Puliga, M., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Uzzi, B., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). Users polarization on Facebook and Youtube. PLoS ONE, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159641

[28] Moorley CR, Chinn T. Nursing and Twitter: Creating an online community using hashtags. Collegian. 2014;21(2):103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2014.03.003

[29] Snelson, C. L. (2016). Qualitative and Mixed Methods Social Media Research?: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Qualitative MEthods, Jan- Dec(Special Issue), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915624574

[30] Ward JK, Peretti-Watel P, Larson HJ, Raude J, Verger P. Vaccine-criticism on the internet: New insights based on French-speaking websites. Vaccine. 2015;33(8):1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.064

[31] Kerr MA. The autism spectrum disorders. Vaccine link debate: A health social movement. University of Pittsburgh; 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

[32] Brown P, Zavestoski S, McCormick S, et al. Embodied health movements: New approaches to social movements in health. Sociology of Health and Illness. 2004;26(1):50–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2004.00378.x

[33] Blume S. Anti-vaccination movements and their interpretations. Social Science and Medicine. 2006;62(3):628–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.020

[34] Kaplan A, Haenlein M. Science direct rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons. 2020;63(1):37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.003

[35] Leach M, Fairhead J. Vaccine anxieties: Global science, child health and society, London: Earthscan, 2007.

[36] Meyer SB, Violette R, Aggarwal R, Simeoni M, MacDougall H, Waite N. Vaccine hesitancy and Web 2.0: Exploring how attitudes and beliefs about influenza vaccination are exchanged in online threaded user comments. Vaccine. 2019;37(13):1769–1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.028

[37] Mitra T, Counts S, Pennebaker JW. Understanding anti-vaccination attitudes in social media. Paper presented at: 10th International Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM); March 31,2016.