Purpose: There is a growing interest in targeting minimally invasive surgery devices to the aqueous outflow system to optimize treatment outcomes. However, methods to visualize functioning, large-caliber aqueous and episcleral veins in-vivo are lacking. This pilot study establishes an ex-vivo system to evaluate the use of a confocal laser microendoscope to noninvasively image episcleral vessels and quantify regional flow variation along the limbal circumference.
Methods: A fiber-optic confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) system with lateral and axial resolution of 3.5 μm and 15 μm, respectively, was used on three porcine and four human eyes. Diluted fluorescein (0.04%) was injected into eyes kept under constant infusion. The microprobe was applied to the sclera 1 mm behind the limbus to acquire real-time video. Image acquisition was performed at 15-degree intervals along the limbal circumference to quantify regional flow variation in human eyes.
Results: Vascular structures were visualized in whole human eyes without processing. Schlemm’s canal was visualized only after a scleral flap was created. Fluorescent signal intensity and vessel diameter variation were observed along the limbal circumference, with the inferior quadrant having a statistically higher fluorescein signal compared to the other quadrants in human eyes (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates for the first time that the fiber-optic CLE platform can visualize the episcleral vasculature with high resolution ex-vivo with minimal tissue manipulation. Intravascular signal intensities and vessel diameters were acquired in real-time; such information can help select target areas for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) to achieve greater intraocular pressure reduction.
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Tube Versus Trabeculectomy (TVT) study during five years of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2012;153:804–814.
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bypass surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2014;98:579–585.
4. Mosaed S, Dustin L, Minckler DS. Comparative outcomes between newer and older surgeries for glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2009;107:127–133.
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of the iStent(R) inject system for open-angle glaucoma: Synergy trial. Adv Ther 2014;31:189–201.
7. Bentley MD, Hann CR, Fautsch MP. Anatomical variation of human collector channel orifices. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016;57:1153–1159.
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9. Loewen NA, Schuman JS. There has to be a better way: Evolution of internal filtration glaucoma surgeries. Br J
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10. Brubaker RF. Determination of episcleral venous pressure in the eye. A comparison of three methods. Arch Ophthalmol 1967;77:110–114.
11. Sit AJ, McLaren JW. Measurement of episcleral venous pressure. Exp Eye Res 2011;93:291–298.
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human eyes by three-dimensional micro-computed tomography (3D micro-CT). Exp Eye Res 2011;92:104–111.
13. McKee H, Ye C, Yu M, Liu S, Lam DS, Leung CK. Anterior chamber angle imaging with swept-source optical coherence tomography: detecting the scleral spur, Schwalbe’s Line, and Schlemm’s Canal. J Glaucoma 2013;22:468– 472.
14. Ren J, Gille HK, Wu J, Yang C. Ex vivo optical coherence tomography imaging of collector channels with a
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15. Lin KY, Maricevich M, Bardeesy N, Weissleder R, Mahmood U. In vivo quantitative microvasculature phenotype imaging of healthy and malignant tissues using a fiber-optic confocal laser microprobe. Transl Oncol 2008;1:84–94.
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microscopy (Cell-viZio) facilitates extended imaging in the field of microcirculation. A comparison with intravital
microscopy. J Vasc Res 2004;41:400–411.
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21. Smistad E, Elster AC, Lindseth F. GPU accelerated segmentation and centerline extraction of tubular structures from medical images. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2014;9:561–575.
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OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55:3737–3746.
24. Fellman RL, Grover DS. Episcleral venous fluid wave: Intraoperative evidence for patency of the conventional
outflow system. J Glaucoma 2014;23:347–350.
25. Li P, Butt A, Chien JL, Ghassibi MP, Furlanetto RL, Netto CF, et al. Characteristics and variations of in vivo
Schlemm’s canal and collector channel microstructures in enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Br J Ophthalmol 2017;101:808–813.
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Ken Y. Linlinky@uci.eduGavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, USA
Sameh MosaedGavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, USA
Abstract:
Purpose: There is a growing interest in targeting minimally invasive surgery devices to the aqueous outflow system to optimize treatment outcomes. However, methods to visualize functioning, large-caliber aqueous and episcleral veins in-vivo are lacking. This pilot study establishes an ex-vivo system to evaluate the use of a confocal laser microendoscope to noninvasively image episcleral vessels and quantify regional flow variation along the limbal circumference.
Methods: A fiber-optic confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) system with lateral and axial resolution of 3.5 μm and 15 μm, respectively, was used on three porcine and four human eyes. Diluted fluorescein (0.04%) was injected into eyes kept under constant infusion. The microprobe was applied to the sclera 1 mm behind the limbus to acquire real-time video. Image acquisition was performed at 15-degree intervals along the limbal circumference to quantify regional flow variation in human eyes.
Results: Vascular structures were visualized in whole human eyes without processing. Schlemm’s canal was visualized only after a scleral flap was created. Fluorescent signal intensity and vessel diameter variation were observed along the limbal circumference, with the inferior quadrant having a statistically higher fluorescein signal compared to the other quadrants in human eyes (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates for the first time that the fiber-optic CLE platform can visualize the episcleral vasculature with high resolution ex-vivo with minimal tissue manipulation. Intravascular signal intensities and vessel diameters were acquired in real-time; such information can help select target areas for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) to achieve greater intraocular pressure reduction.
Keywords: Aqueous Outflow; Laser Imaging; Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery
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