ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.
ISSN: 2789-5009
Leading Ecuadorian research in science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics.
Cadmium in the Soil and its Presence in Cocoa
Published date: Apr 18 2024
Journal Title: ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.
Issue title: Volume 3, Issue 2
Pages: 85–96
Authors:
Abstract:
Cadmium is a heavy metal from both natural and anthropogenic sources, whose concentration in the soil poses a real danger to the health of all organisms. In Ecuador, cocoa is an important agricultural product whose demand has grown over time. It is also the main source of livelihood for hundreds of small farmers. However, the presence of cadmium in the soil has become a major concern, as a result, several remediation methods have been proposed to eliminate or neutralize cadmium in the soil The bibliographic review proposes several physicochemical and biological methods capable of neutralizing the mobility of cadmium in the soil. The use of microorganisms capable of storing cadmium is a viable option due to its easy application and low implementation cost. The concentration of cadmium in cocoa beans shows values above the permissible limits established in Regulation No 488/2014 for cocoa products. Although there are no established values for cadmium concentrations in cocoa beans, this regulation can be taken as a reference in order to establish standards for cocoa production in Ecuador.
Keywords: cadmium, cocoa, maximum permissible levels, bioremediation, bioaccumulation.
Resumen
El cadmio, metal pesado proveniente de fuentes naturales como antropogénicas cuya concentración en el suelo supone un peligro real para la salud de todo organismo. En el Ecuador el cacao es un importante producto agrícola cuya demanda ha crecido con el tiempo además de ser el sustento de cientos de pequeños productores, por ello se han planteado varios métodos de remediación que permiten eliminar o en cuyo caso neutralizar la presencia de cadmio en el suelo. La revisión bibliográfica propone diversos métodos fisicoquímicos y biológicos capaces de neutralizar la movilidad del cadmio en el suelo. El uso de microorganismos capaces de almacenar el cadmio supone una opción viable por su fácil aplicación y bajo costo de implementación. La concentración de cadmio en las semillas de cacao muestra valores por encima de los límites permisibles establecidos en Reglamento N 488/2014 para productos derivados del cacao, aunque no exista valores establecido para concentraciones de cadmio en las semillas de cacao, se puede tomar como referencia este reglamento con el fin de establecer normas para la producción de cacao en el Ecuador.
Palabras Clave: Cadmio, Cacao, Máximos Permisibles, Biorremediación, Bioacumulación.
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