Background: Stigma is one of the major distresses that are experienced by people with mental illness. Stigmatisation results in a reduction in quality of life of those affected.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the stigmatising attitudes of adolescents towards individuals withmental illness, their perception of community reaction and factors influencing it in Nigeria.
Method: In school Adolescents (N = 402) participated in the research. They completed self-administered questionnaires regarding socio-demographic details and questions based on a vignette of a young person witha mental disorder using the Standardized Stigmatisation Questionnaire (SSQ1). The study was cross-sectional in nature and employed a multistage sampling technique.
Result: The mean age was 14.44years (SD=1.84).There were 265(65.9%) males and 137(34.1%) females. Approximately seventy percent of the adolescents would not be happy to sit next to a man with mental illness in a bus, 58.2% would not want him to teach their children, and an even higher percentage (72.9%) believe that most people in the community would do same. Seventy percent are aware that he did not develop his problems to avoid difficult situations of life and 78.2% also know that it’s not a punishment for bad deeds. Independent predictors of stigma related attitude include age p<0.002, gender p<0.010 and community perception p<0.001.
Conclusion: Stigmatisation of mental illness is highly prevalentamong adolescents. Given that a significant percentage of the participants were well informed, formation of stigmatising attitude towards mental illness might be deeper than lack of knowledge. There may be a need to work on societal structure despite traditional education interventions and also encourage their contactwith mentally ill persons.
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[2] J. L. Hilton and W. Von Hippel, Stereotypes, Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 237–271,(1996).
[3] C. M. Judd and B. Park, Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes, Psychological Review, 100, no. 1, 109–128, (1993).
[4] J. Krueger, Personal Beliefs and Cultural Stereotypes about Racial Characteristics, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, no. 3, 536–548, (1996).
[5] P. Corrigan W, Waston A C, in Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness World Psychiatry, 1, 16–20, Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness World Psychiatry, 2002.
[6] R. Haghighat, The Development of an Instrument to Measure Stigmatization: factor analysis and origin of stigmatization, The European Journal of Psychiatry, 19, no. 3,(2005).
[7] M. F. Weiss, Children’s attitudes toward the mentally ill: an eight-year longitudinal follow-up., Psychological Reports, 74, no. 1, 51–56, (1994).
[8] O. Wahl, Childrens views of mental illness: a review of the literature. Psychiatr Rehabilitation Skills, in Children’s views of mental illness: a review of the literature. Psychiatr Rehabilitation Skills, 134–158, 6, 134–158, 2002.
[9] P. W. Corrigan, B. D. Lurie, H. H. Goldman, N. Slopen, K. Medasani, and S. Phelan, How adolescents perceive the stigma of mental illness and alcohol abuse, Psychiatric Services, 56, no. 5, 544–550, (2005).
[10] A. C. Watson, E. Otey, A. L. Westbrook, A. L. Gardner, T. A. Lamb, P. W. Corrigan, and W. S. Fenton, Changing middle schoolers’ attitudes about mental illness through education, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, no. 3, 563–572, (2004).
[11] A. C. Watson, F. E. Miller, and J. S. Lyons, Adolescent attitudes toward serious mental illness, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, no. 11, 769–772, (2005).
[12] P. W. Corrigan and D. L. Penn, Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma, American Psychologist, 54, no. 9, 765–776, (1999).
[13] P. W. Corrigan, A. Green, R. Lundin, M. A. Kubiak, and D. L. Penn, Familiarity with and social distance from people who have serious mental illness, Psychiatric Services, 52, no. 7, 953–958, (2001).
[14] M. C. Angermeyer, H. Matschinger, and P. W. Corrigan, Familiarity with mental illness and social distance from people with schizophrenia and major depression: Testing a model using data from a representative population survey, Schizophrenia Research, 69, no. 2-3, 175–182, (2004).
[15] V. Pinfold, H. Toulmin, G. Thornicroft, P. Huxley, P. Farmer, and T. Graham, Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination: Evaluation of educational interventions in UK secondary schools, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 342–346, (2003).
[16] B. Schulze, M. Richter-Werling, H. Matschinger, and M. C. Angermeyer, Crazy? So what! Effects of a school project on students’ attitudes towards people with schizophrenia, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107, no. 2, 142–150, (2003).
[17] O. Gureje, V. O. Lasebikan, O. Ephraim-Oluwanuga, B. O. Olley, and L. Kola, Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 436–441, (2005).
[18] R. A. Haghigat, Unitary Theory of stigmatization, Br J Psychiatry, 178–207, (2001).
[19] R. A. Haghigat, Unitary Theory of stigmatization, Br J Psychiatry, 178–378, (2001).
[20] A. F. Jorm and A. Wright, Influences on young people’s stigmatising attitudes towards peers with mental disorders: National survey of young Australians and their parents, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, no. 2, 144–149, (2008).
[21] P. Byrne, Psychiatric stigma: Past, passing and to come, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 90, no. 11, 618–621, (1997).
[22] A. Chandra and C. S. Minkovitz, Stigma starts early: Gender differences in teen willingness to use mental health services, Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, no. 6,754–e8, (2006).
[23] P. Gilbert, Stigmatization as a survival strategy: skeletons in the cupboard and the role of shame, in In Every Family in the Land: Tackling Prejudice and Discrimination against People with Mental Illnesses, A. H Crisp, Ed., and the role of shame. In Every Family in the Land, Tackling Prejudice and Discrimination against People with
Mental Illnesses, 2000, www.stigma.org.
[24] A. H. Crisp, M. G. Gelder, S. Rix, H. I. Meltzer, and O. J. Rowlands, Stigmatisation of
people with mental illnesses, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4–7, (2000)."
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Background: Stigma is one of the major distresses that are experienced by people with mental illness. Stigmatisation results in a reduction in quality of life of those affected.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the stigmatising attitudes of adolescents towards individuals withmental illness, their perception of community reaction and factors influencing it in Nigeria.
Method: In school Adolescents (N = 402) participated in the research. They completed self-administered questionnaires regarding socio-demographic details and questions based on a vignette of a young person witha mental disorder using the Standardized Stigmatisation Questionnaire (SSQ1). The study was cross-sectional in nature and employed a multistage sampling technique.
Result: The mean age was 14.44years (SD=1.84).There were 265(65.9%) males and 137(34.1%) females. Approximately seventy percent of the adolescents would not be happy to sit next to a man with mental illness in a bus, 58.2% would not want him to teach their children, and an even higher percentage (72.9%) believe that most people in the community would do same. Seventy percent are aware that he did not develop his problems to avoid difficult situations of life and 78.2% also know that it’s not a punishment for bad deeds. Independent predictors of stigma related attitude include age p<0.002, gender p<0.010 and community perception p<0.001.
Conclusion: Stigmatisation of mental illness is highly prevalentamong adolescents. Given that a significant percentage of the participants were well informed, formation of stigmatising attitude towards mental illness might be deeper than lack of knowledge. There may be a need to work on societal structure despite traditional education interventions and also encourage their contactwith mentally ill persons.
[1] A. J. Gray, Stigma in psychiatry, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 95, no. 2,72–76, (2002).
[2] J. L. Hilton and W. Von Hippel, Stereotypes, Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 237–271,(1996).
[3] C. M. Judd and B. Park, Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes, Psychological Review, 100, no. 1, 109–128, (1993).
[4] J. Krueger, Personal Beliefs and Cultural Stereotypes about Racial Characteristics, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, no. 3, 536–548, (1996).
[5] P. Corrigan W, Waston A C, in Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness World Psychiatry, 1, 16–20, Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness World Psychiatry, 2002.
[6] R. Haghighat, The Development of an Instrument to Measure Stigmatization: factor analysis and origin of stigmatization, The European Journal of Psychiatry, 19, no. 3,(2005).
[7] M. F. Weiss, Children’s attitudes toward the mentally ill: an eight-year longitudinal follow-up., Psychological Reports, 74, no. 1, 51–56, (1994).
[8] O. Wahl, Childrens views of mental illness: a review of the literature. Psychiatr Rehabilitation Skills, in Children’s views of mental illness: a review of the literature. Psychiatr Rehabilitation Skills, 134–158, 6, 134–158, 2002.
[9] P. W. Corrigan, B. D. Lurie, H. H. Goldman, N. Slopen, K. Medasani, and S. Phelan, How adolescents perceive the stigma of mental illness and alcohol abuse, Psychiatric Services, 56, no. 5, 544–550, (2005).
[10] A. C. Watson, E. Otey, A. L. Westbrook, A. L. Gardner, T. A. Lamb, P. W. Corrigan, and W. S. Fenton, Changing middle schoolers’ attitudes about mental illness through education, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, no. 3, 563–572, (2004).
[11] A. C. Watson, F. E. Miller, and J. S. Lyons, Adolescent attitudes toward serious mental illness, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, no. 11, 769–772, (2005).
[12] P. W. Corrigan and D. L. Penn, Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma, American Psychologist, 54, no. 9, 765–776, (1999).
[13] P. W. Corrigan, A. Green, R. Lundin, M. A. Kubiak, and D. L. Penn, Familiarity with and social distance from people who have serious mental illness, Psychiatric Services, 52, no. 7, 953–958, (2001).
[14] M. C. Angermeyer, H. Matschinger, and P. W. Corrigan, Familiarity with mental illness and social distance from people with schizophrenia and major depression: Testing a model using data from a representative population survey, Schizophrenia Research, 69, no. 2-3, 175–182, (2004).
[15] V. Pinfold, H. Toulmin, G. Thornicroft, P. Huxley, P. Farmer, and T. Graham, Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination: Evaluation of educational interventions in UK secondary schools, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 342–346, (2003).
[16] B. Schulze, M. Richter-Werling, H. Matschinger, and M. C. Angermeyer, Crazy? So what! Effects of a school project on students’ attitudes towards people with schizophrenia, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107, no. 2, 142–150, (2003).
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